Interestingly, during the Middle Ages, the reception of Holy Communion was restricted to "on the tongue" because of abuses. Other than restoring the practice of Gregorian Chant, he promoted daily communion, assuring that it is the shortest way to Heaven. Thus the Synod of Rouen, France, in about 878 directed: Do not put the Eucharist in the hands of any layman or laywomen, but only in their mouths (nulli autem laico aut feminae eucharistiam in manibus ponat, sed tantum in os eius). So it was during . Required fields are marked *. And so, in the traditional liturgical practice of the Roman Rite, if a priest were misleading, he and we would be grateful if you would write us about it. The Spanish Pope Damasus (c. 304-384) has inscribed what happened: When a wicked group of young fanatics flung themselves on Tarcisius who was carrying the Eucharist, not wanting to profane the sacrament, thereby preferred to give his life rather than yield upThe Body of Christ to the rabid dogs.. St. The motivation for this practice is two-fold: a) first, to avoid, as much as possible, the dropping of Eucharistic particles; b) second, to increase among the faithful devotion to the Real Presence of Christ in the Sacrament of the Eucharist. Mingle and flow into the palms of his disciples![22]. Phillip Schaff (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1889). [26] Augustine, Letter 54.3.4, trans. Over the centuries the Church has always characterized the moment of Holy Communion with sacredness and the greatest respect, forcing herself constantly to develop to the best of her ability external signs that would promote understanding of this great sacramental mystery. 3. (This demonstrates the Jehovahs Witness practice of observing the Lords Evening Meal only once a year on the Anniversary of Passover is simply wrong, in spite of their claims, similar to yours, that their leaders are virtually infallible.) Sadly, this actually happens. 4. The Council of Saragossa, 380, excommunicated anyone who dared continue to receive Holy Communion in the hand. Once upon a time sadly, a lot of stories about Catholicism begin that way large numbers by Jim Bannister . "Each of the faithful always has the right to receive Holy Communion on the tongue at his . Basil the Great (330-379) indicates that reception of Communion by ones own hand was permitted precisely because of persecution, or, as was the case with monks in the desert, when no deacon or priest was available to give It. In the Old Mass, Catholics receive communion by kneeling down and receive the Holy Eucharist in tongue. Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. It is like saying, On Friday, when the workers received their paycheck This is magnifying the uniqueness of Friday as compared with the other days of the week, indicating the reason for the uniqueness. Then having partaken of the Body of Christ, approach also the cup of His blood; not extending your hands, but bending low and saying in the way of worship and reverence, Amen, be you sanctified by partaking, also of the blood of Christ. Catechetical Lecture 5. offaith. The fire of mercy has become for us a living sacrifice 6 But without faith it is impossible to please Him, for he who comes to God must believe that He is, and that He is a rewarder OF THOSE WHO DILIGENTLY SEEK HIM (Hebrews 11: 6, NKJV).. whichthe Holy Eucharistis received. 23 For I received from the Lord that which I also delivered to you: that the Lord Jesus on the same night in which He was betrayed took bread; 24 and when He had given thanks, He broke it and said, Take, eat;[b] this is My body which is broken[c] for you; do this in remembrance of Me. 25 In the same manner He also took the cup after supper, saying, This cup is the new covenant in My blood. the Congregation for Divine Worship reaffirmed that "each of the faithful always has the right to receive Holy Communion on the tongue." When a certain plague arrived . 29 For he who eats and drinks in an unworthy manner[e] eats and drinks judgment to himself, not discerning the Lords[f] body. As more and more Catholics today who were born after the reforms of the Second Vatican Council begin to discover the beauty of traditional Catholicism, many people are asking why certain practices either developed or were abandoned. 628 & 636). Whatever one thinks about the practice today and its reemergence after Vatican II, it is important that our conversation be grounded in an accurate picture of the history of this practice. WASHINGTON (CNS)As many restrictions put in place at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic have been lifted, some Catholic dioceses around the country are returning, or already have returned, to. First, Chrysostom in one of his Homilies on Ephesians: What, do you not see the holy vessels so thoroughly cleansed all over, so resplendent? But we must not forget a traditional custom of middle-eastern hospitality which was in practice in Jesus time and which is still the case; that is, one feeds his guests with ones own hand, placing a symbolic morsel in the mouth of the guest. the most ancient witnesses to the practice of Communion on the tongue. All three elements are on the table. When the priest gives it he says: The body of Christ. He teaches you by this word not to look at that which is visible, but to picture in your mind the nature of this oblation, which, by the coming of the Holy Spirit, is the body of Christ. 6 Sinners Turned Saints and What We Can Learn From Them. 3, Rep. Obj. He is a high school principal, but his passion is spreading the Catholic faith to others. Has done In addition, you will let the man who contradicts the Scripture be accursed. denotes instrumentation. They partake not of Him that is in them, they perceive Him not. These included an excessive fear of God and an over-concern about sin, judgment and punishment, as well as an over-emphasis on Christs divinity so emphasized as to down-play His sacred humanity or virtually deny it; also an over-emphasis on the priests role in the sacred liturgy, and a loss of the sense of the community which the Church, in fact, is. While we have the option of receiving holy Communion either on the tongue or on the hand, we must always be mindful of receiving our Lord respectfully. And with respect to the fragment of bread: We give you thanks, our Father, for the life and knowledge that you made known to us through Jesus your child. The sacred Council of Trent declared that the custom whereby only the priest-celebrant gives Communion to himself (with his own hands), and the laity receive It from him, is an Apostolic tradition. This confirms a basic point: Out of reverence it seems better that there be no unnecessary touching of the Sacred Host. 5.21, trans. "Ore" is here in the ablative and in the context it How we handle objects says a lot about how we regard them. ORIGINAL, LARGER. Back to the main point. Is that this a paid subject matter or did you customize it your self? But such as, instead of their hands, make vessels of gold or other materials for the reception of the divine gift, and by these receive the immaculate communion, we by no means allow to come, as preferring inanimate and inferior matter to the image of God.[24]. JD; 1 Corinthians 11: 27-29; NKJV). This is about loving the church in truth, and about the fact that if we do not love the church that is the body of Christ, then we do not truly love Christ. 4 And Sopater of Berea accompanied him to Asiaalso Aristarchus and Secundus of the Thessalonians, and Gaius of Derbe, and Timothy, and Tychicus and Trophimus of Asia. [3] Augustine, Answer to Petilian 2.23.53and Against Parmenian 2.7.13. We must dig in and study reasonably, logically, humbly, and prayerfully. Jonah was in the belly of the whale 4 days. To make a throne for the Lord with our hands is to signify our total commitment to worship and to Christian service. Obviously someone is needed to distribute the Bread of Life. Receiving the host in one's hand has been an option in the United States since the bishops authorized this in May 1977 and the Holy See confirmed it. Additionally, if the Apostle did not tell you this doctrine in person and face-to -face as he did to the ones he was speaking to in the context of the Scripture you refer to (2Thessalonians 2: 13-15), then as far as you know, you are simply trusting the words of a man. 82, Art. Furthermore, your priests and bishops do not qualify as Overseers and Pastors since they are not husbands of one wife (See 1Timothy 3: 1-2). It became so normalized that priests would sometimes refuse to give Communion to those who wanted to receive on the tongue. 4. Basil. A cup of wine is present as are two fish. Are you a man? He is present, even in the most microscopic particle - even the ones people wipe on their pants. The National Convention was elected to provide a new constitution for the country after the overthrow of the monarchy (August 10, 1792). But we doyes, verily. The catacombs in Rome contain many frescos telling us what those Christians living between c.100c.350 AD believed, how they lived out that faith and what things were most important to their faith. Why? For in the holy Eucharist, the Catechism of the Catholic Church notes, "Christ, God and man, makes himself wholly and entirely present (1374). (In fact, in certain critics minds the elevation, exposition and benediction of the Blessed Sacrament find their Because we believe that Jesus Christ is truly present in the Eucharistbody, blood soul and divinitywe reserve the Eucharist in a secure tabernacle, constructed of the finest materials available. 29 For he who eats and drinks in an unworthy manner[e] eats and drinks judgment to himself, not discerning the Lords[f] body (Again referring to the manner in which they observe selfishly and unlovingly against the church that is the body of Christ. This Father of the Church further counsels great care for any Fragments which might remain on ones hands. With regard to the second, we have many early witnesses including Paul (see 1 Cor 11:27) and the Didache (seechapter 14). 2 Now when he had gone over that region and encouraged them with many words, he came to Greece 3 and stayed three months. Therefore, we must be sure that we are in fact following Christ rather than mere men who may not be following Him. Statements from Popes, Saints and Church Councils: St. Sixtus 1 (circa 115): "The Sacred Vessels are not to be handled by others than those consecrated to the Lord." St. [8] John Chrysostom, Homilies on Ephesians, Baptismal Instruction 12.1516, On the Incomprehensible Nature of God 6.36, and On the Priesthood 3.4. Communion on the tongue remains the usual and common form of administering Holy Communion. How much more cautiously then will you observe that not a crumb falls from you, of what is more precious than gold and precious stones. In North Africa (including Egypt) the practice is mentioned by Tertullian,[1] Cyprian,[2] Augustine,[3] Cyril of Alexandria,[4] and John Climacus. hand as the throne of your right one, which is to receive the King [in Holy Communion] (apudLOsservatore Romano. Gross Alexander NPNF 13, ed. October 13, 2022. In particular, because of excessive emphasis on adoring Christ in the Holy Eucharist and an over-strict approach to moral matters, Holy Communion Most often when speaking of reverence, however, the Fathers emphasize two main things: 1) that every precaution should be taken lest the Eucharist fall to the ground and 2) that communicants should be from serious sin and quarrels with other Christians. After persecution had ceased, evidently the practice of Communion in the hand persisted here and there. The holy boy, Tarcisius, is called the Eucharist martyr. He was beaten to death rather than let the Communion bread fall on the ground. 32 But when we are judged, we are chastened by the Lord, that we may not be condemned with the world. The Testimonium Flavianum Question (My Two Cents), The Bible is Accurate Manuscript Evidence, Sayings From the Bible in the 21st Century, Colors & Dyes For Clothing in Ancient Rome, Thanksgiving: First Foods, First Friends1620, Ancient Ossuaries Uncover Biblical Truths. On the other hand, this mode of communion is not anywhere associated with lay involvement or accessibility, nor is it thought to de-emphasize the role of the priest. Permission for administering Communion in the hand was granted by the Holy See to the United States on June 17, 1977 and has since become almost the universal norm in the Ordinary Form. We are not claiming that under no circumstances whatever did the faithful receive by their own hands. When our friend Father Andrew told us three years ago about Satanists desecrating the Eucharist in our area, my first thought was, "we need to start receiving on the tongue right now." Thank you for your time. Basil the Great, 330-379 stated, The right to receive Holy Communion in the hand is permitted only in times of persecution. This statement may very well have been made in response to St. Cyril of Jerusalem in 348. Infact, in the letter, En Reponse a la Demande, which was written to the presidents of the conferences of bishops who had petitioned for the indult to distribute Holy Communion in the hand in 1969, the first stipulation of the indult says, The new manner of giving communion must not be imposed in a way that would exclude the traditional practice. Yet, in parishes around the world, priests have attempted to deny the faithful Communion on the tongue. With regard to the first precept, Origen of Alexandria cautions, But under what conditions did this happen? indeed is received by means of the mouth which we believe by means The meaning in Hebrew of the word day always means a 24 hour period of time. . For example, Augustine writes, Someone might say that the Eucharist should not be received daily. Featured Image: Rossano Gospels, Last Supper, 6th c.; Source: Wikimedia Commons, PD-Old-100. Hosanna to the God of David. As we prepare to receive the new English translation of the Roman Missal on the first Sunday of Advent, let us take this opportunity to reflect on the manner in which we receive our Lord in holy Communion. Shall I praise you in this? [10] See John Damascene, On the Orthodox Faith, 4.13. Christian Soldiers in the Ancient Roman Army, Destruction of Jerusalem, c. 586 BCEyewitness Account, Assassination of Julius CaesarAncient Accounts, Claudia ActeNeros Mistress, Secret Christian, Emperor Tiberius & The Resurrection Of Jesus, Plinys Letter To Trajan About Christians, Ancient TechnologyThe Antikythera Mechanism, The Lycurgus CupNanotechnology in Ancient Rome, Monte TestaccioAncient Romes Garbage Dump, Metal Detector FindRoman Coins & Lost Emperor of Britain, Stirring of Water in the Pool of Bethesda. In it, the author attempted to demonstrate that communion on the tongue was in use in Rome in the 5th-6th century and passed from there into the regions of Gall in the 7th century. The Scriptures say that you should test ALL things, this includes the things these men claim are from the Apostles, and hold fast what may be proven good (1Thessalonians 5: 21). [22] Ephrem the Syrian, Hymns on Faith 10, trans. Paul said, 1 Imitate me, just as I also imitate Christ (1Corinthians 11:1; NKJV). If Paul is imitating Christ, then we should imitate Paul; but, if Paul is not imitating Christ, then neither should we imitate Paul. 1. Bishop Romeo Blanchette tried to stop the conference from pursuing Communion in the hand immediately. The things we handle carefully are usually the things we hold in high esteem. [18] Moreover, an early illuminated gospel, the Rosanno Gospels, depicts the last supper as a communion line, where the disciples receive in cupped hands while bowed. "With the tongue, I very rarely have any contact as described above. "Where I did give Communion in the hand, I touched each and every hand," related Robideau. The Scriptures give us all that we need to be pleasing to God. assisting at Mass (and not celebrating) and if he wished to receive Holy Communion, he did not do so by his own hand; he received on the tongue from another priest. From the time of the Fathers of the Church, a tendency was born and consolidated whereby distribution of Holy Communion in the hand became more and more restricted in favor of distributing Holy Communion on the tongue. In this he shows a great fear, and since the hand that is stretched out holds a higher rank, it is the one that is extended for receiving the body of the King, and the other hand bears and brings its sister hand, while not thinking that it is playing the role of a servant, as it is equal with it in honour, on account of the bread of the King, which is also borne by it. Both modes of receiving holy Communion have their own value and their own beauty. [4] Cyril of Alexandria, Commentary on John 6.1 and 12.1. The workers received their paychecks that day. On the other side there are three baskets filled with bread representing the seven basketfuls of broken pieces that were left over (Mt. 27 Therefore whoever eats this bread or drinks this cup of the Lord in an unworthy MANNER will be guilty of the body and blood[d] of the Lord. Often, people would walk up and receive one-handed, popping the host into their mouth like a potato chip, even wiping their hands on their pants afterward. To receive in the hand is an indult or special permission that does not exist in most parts of the world. On and around the Twelfth, large parades are held . It was only allowed during times of Church persecution. The practice of the priest placing the consecrated Bread directly into the mouth of the communicant thus developed and, they think, was unwisely imposed. I am really inspired with your writing skills as smartly as with the structure to your weblog. : 1 . However, if what even that Apostle says to you in person and face-to-face contradicts what he or another Apostle has already told you face-to-face and in person or by their epistle, let even the Apostle, or even an Angel of God be accursed (Galatians 1: 6-9)! Pope Paul VI, in Memoriale Domini, he says, This method (on the tongue) must be retained., Pope John Paul II, in Dominicae Cenae, he says, To touch the sacred species and to distribute them with their own hands is a privilege of the ordained.. [16] Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, 4.24. For yours is the power and the glory forever. John Paul II, in his last Encyclical, Ecclesia de Eucharistia ("The Church comes from the Eucharist"), wrote in n. 61: By giving the Eucharist the prominence it deserves, and by being careful not to diminish any of its dimensions or demands, we show that we are truly conscious of the greatness of this gift. To reverence our Lords sacramental presence, we use chalices and patens for the celebration of the Eucharist, not ordinary dishes. All of us should receive with great reverence and respect. Remember your church, O Lord; save it from all evil, and perfect it in your love. someones mouth. (Consider. Church Life Journal When looking at fine jewelry, for example, we are mindful to handle the gems carefully. He condemned them for the factions and divisions that existed among them and says that for this reason, or in his words, 20 Therefore when you come together in one place, it is not to eat the Lords Supper (1 Corinthians 11: 20; NKJV). Nevertheless, he testifies that they are in fact observing it in an unworthy manner. It began, largely, as an effort to affirm that the Eucharist was not a symbol or a ritual, but the living presence of Jesus Christ. It may well be the case that the sudden change in practice after Vatican II decreased devotion towards the Eucharist and belief in the true presence, and it may well be the case that there were bad actors who in fact desired this result. And when the Jews plotted against him as he was about to sail to Syria, he decided to return through Macedonia. When permitted, the choice as to the form of reception falls upon the communicant and not upon the priest. BANNER IMAGE, PLAIN, LARGER On the other hand, if the sins are not so great that a person should be judged to deserve excommunication, he ought not to withdraw from the daily medicine of the Lords body.[26]. How should this evidence be brought to bear on the modern conversation? And why so? For this reason, some Catholics choose to receive the Eucharist not in their hands, but directly on their tongues. Christian missionaries have taught people in Papua, New Guinea who had many gods before their conversion to recite the Hebrew Shema announcing only ONE GOD. Even if it were, though, we would point out that the Apostles were themselves priests, or even Bishops. One time, I was visiting a parish in the Archdiocese of Cincinnati, and upon kneeling to receive Holy Communion on the tongue, the priest looked at me and said, We dont do that here. I stayed on my knees with my mouth open. I gently, but firmly reminded him of the first stipulation of the indult. This is one reason why He did not write the Bible the way you demand. T/F, 2. Some Catholics feel more comfortable receiving the Eucharist in their hands. Communion in the hand is legitimate only where permitted, and it remains in the realm of a permission. Let it be noted at the outset that St Leo the Great and St Gregory the Great are early witnesses to Communion on the Tongue as the normative. His arms are stretched out in front of him to show he is breaking the bread as Jesus broke the bread at the Last Supper and before He fed the five thousand and the four thousand. [12] Ephrem the Syrian, Hymns on Faith 10 and Hymns on Virginity 33.7. You, O Master Almighty, created all things for the sake of your name, and gave both food and drink to humans for their refreshment, that they might give you thanks. This is because the point is that we are to imitate Christ rather than Paul. 5. This do, as often as you drink it, in remembrance of Me. If we follow the example of the Fathers, we will prioritize practices that prevent the dropping of the Eucharist and catechizing communicants not to receive in a state of mortal sin. Keep up with Jason atfacebook.com/AuthenticCatholic. Near the man is a two-handled cup. It is clear that this mode of reception was considered reverent and was to be carried out in a reverent manner. When Pope St. Pius X was on his deathbed in August of 1914, and Holy Communion was brought to him as Viaticum, he did not and was not allowed to receive in the hand. ), But permit the prophets to give thanks (or: hold the eucharist) as often as they wish. Didache 9. T/F, 5. I know that they are from God. Roland Teske (Hyde Park, NY: New City Press, 2001). Wherefore, if any one wishes to be a participator of the immaculate Body in the time of the Synaxis, and to offer himself for the communion, let him draw near, arranging his hands in the form of a cross, and so let him receive the communion of grace. 1 Corinthians 11:2 Now I praise you because you remember me in everything and hold firmly to the traditions, just as I delivered them to you. McDonald has drawn It was considered enough to gaze upon the Sacred Host during the elevation. St. Thomas Aquinas, 1225-1274, In Summa Theologica, Part III, Q. (4) A non-ecumenical Council of Constantinople known as In Trullo in 692 A.D. prohibited the faithful from giving Communion to themselves (which is of course what happens when the Sacred Particle is placed in the hand of communicants), and decreed a censure against those who would do so in the presence of a bishop, priest or deacon. If Communion is received in the hand, the hands should first of all be clean. How Did Jesus Spend the Last Week of His Life? Communion received on the tongue and while kneeling OF THE SUPREME PONTIFF Communion received on the tongue and while kneeling The most ancient practice of distributing Holy Communion was, with all probability, to give Communion to the faithful in the palm of the hand. Receiving on the tongue expresses this . Reception of holy Communion on the tongue has been a tradition of the Church for more than 15 centuries. In stead, he is condemning the manner in which they do in fact observe it. However, the problem is that it is diligently researching the teachings of men rather than diligently seeking God in the things He has written for our learning. Again, the priest told me to stand up. Therefore, for various reasons, among which the Angelic Doctor cites respect for the Sacrament, he writes: . Thank you for your thoughtful and hopefully prayerful consideration. Assisted suicide in the United States: Where is it legal? 1. Bryennios published the Didache in 1883. Paul McDonald, Pastor, St. Patricks Church, 123 King St., Pt. So, we as Catholics choose to listen to the apostles in both their written an oral teachings. So then, the mouth is the means by You should thus draw near with great awe and love, according to the greatness of that which is given: with awe, because of the greatness of (its) honour; and with love, because of (its) grace. A.M.S. Could Ancient Sparta Defeat Ancient Rome? I question if those people believe that Jesus is truly present in the Eucharist. Notice that when the Apostle says that he does not praise them because they are not taking the Lords Supper when they come together as the church, he is not condemning them for neglecting to observe the Lords Supper. It appears well written and researched. 5 These men, going ahead, waited for us at Troas. 13.3, trans. May grace come and this world pass away. We call these sacred vessels. Made of precious metal, they are set aside for sacred use only. In a preserved sermon on John 6 (Sermon 9), Saint Leo says: This is translated strictly as: This 28 But let a man examine himself, and so let him eat of the bread and drink of the cup. [21] Theodore of Mopsuestia, catech. Catholics believe that the "real presence of our Lord" is in the bread and wine and . VesuviusAugust 24, 79 AD. Bryennios published the Didache in 1883. This John was of suspect orthodoxy, as we know from the correspondence of St. Epiphanius, St. Jerome, and St. Augustine. Luke 10:16 The one who listens to you listens to Me, and the one who rejects you rejects Me; and he who rejects Me rejects the One who sent Me. . Catholics who receive in the hand should ensure, above all, that their hands are clean as they prepare to literally touch the presence of Christ. 33 Therefore, my brethren, WHEN YOU COME TOGETHER TO EAT, WAIT FOR ONE ANOTHER. National Convention, French Convention Nationale, assembly that governed France from September 20, 1792, until October 26, 1795, during the most critical period of the French Revolution. Remember, that was the first condition. However, since 1969, the Holy See has granted permission to bishops . The history of Communion in the hand is often presented in certain quarters as follows: From the Last Supper on, Holy Communion was, as the norm, continually given in the hand. Reception of holy Communion on the tongue has been a tradition of the Church for more than 15 centuries. Yet, many in the Novus Ordo hierarchy seek to make Communion in the Hand as a quasi-dogma of the Faith. Sixth Ecumenical Council at Constantinople, 680-681, forbade the faithful to take the Sacred Host in their hand, threatening those who continued with excommunication. Jesus sent out 70 Disciples to preach His Good News. For this reason, Cardinal Ratzinger maintained that the practice of kneeling for Holy Communion has in its favor a centuries-old tradition, and it is a particularly expressive sign of adoration, completely appropriate in light of the true, real and substantial presence of Our Lord Jesus Christ under the consecrated species [cited in the Letter "This Congregation" of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, 1 July 1, 2002]. (So be it. Statements from Popes, Saints Think of what you receive in your hand and keep it clean of all greed and theft. 11 And for this reason GOD WILL SEND THEM STRONG DELUSION, that they should believe the lie, 12 that they all may be condemned who did not believe the truth but had pleasure in unrighteousness (2 Thessalonians 2: 9-12; NKJV).. He says, For IN EATING, each one takes his own supper ahead of others Later he indicates that when they eat and drink the Lords Supper in an unworthy MANNER, not loving and not discerning the body of Christ, who they individually and as a whole are, they eat and drink damnation to themselves. Marys Perpetual Virginity & Jesus Brothers, Why Pollen on the Shroud of Turin Proves it is Real, Christian Inscriptions in Roman Catacombs, Eruption Of Mt. We can understand that they did not receive their paycheck every day, but only on Friday. You might end up a Mormon, Jehovahs Witness, Seventh Day Adventist, Baptist, Catholic, or etc., but you will not attain unto the True Faith once and for all time delivered to the saints (Jude 3). On the one hand, I think this evidence precludes describing communion in the hand as intrinsically irreverent. Colborne, Ontario L3K 4G3. Who holds the wind in the palm of his hand? Hundreds of faithful gather in prayer for Pope Francis at Budapests oldest parish church, Pope Francis says he did not lose consciousness before hospitalization in March, Pope Francis warns of technological domination, threat to human ecology at university in Hungary, The Good Shepherd calls us to open our hearts to love, Pope Francis says at Mass in Hungary, TEXT: Dont be couch potatoes! Pope Francis urges youth. If we believe that Jesus Christ is truly present in the Eucharist - Body, Blood, Soul, and Divinity, we would do anything and everything we could to avoid profaning our Eucharistic Lord in any way - even if the risk were minimal.

Stick It 2 You Food Truck Menu, Articles W