Before Russia annexed Crimea, Olenenko says, 85% of the peninsula's water came from mainland Ukraine. Today, the water crisis affects all facets of life on the peninsula. Lack of water takes a heavy toll on Crimeas ecosystem. Follow the latest Ukraine news here or read through the updates below. If it chooses to wait, Ukraine will turn into a silent observer watching how Crimea transforms, each transformation creating additional challenges to the reintegration of the peninsula back into Ukraine. ", "Bericht in Neues Deutschland vom 1. Screen for heightened risk individual and entities globally to help uncover hidden risks in business relationships and human networks. However, to understand the potential impact of water shortage on the peninsulas demographic, it is important to turn to history. After a seven-year ongoing blockade of Crimea's water supply, Ukraine's tactic of hindering the Russian occupation of the peninsula is losing steam. June 8, 2022 A satellite image showing a section of the Northern Crimean Canal near the town of Pobednoye, Ukraine, before the Russian invasion, on February 21. Furthermore, if Kyiv shows that it is ready to make concessions in regards to Crimea, it might weaken its position in negotiations on Donbas. Ukrainian officials said that cutting off the water was one of the few levers at their disposal to inflict pain on Moscow after the annexation without using military force. To continue browsing, Moscow allocated considerable funds to support the local economy and assist in regional development. In 2013, the amount of irrigated land suitable for cultivation reached 130 000 hectares. Within thelast 5 years, the cost of housing in the steppe areas fell down to $1.5 2 000 per house. A person on a scooter drives alongside the Simferopol Reservoir. In June of 2020, three all-time high temperature records were . Russian forces invading Ukraine said they had taken control of a vital canal to . According to Sergey Shevchenko, head of the North Crimean Canal Department, the water supply to the peninsula is currently impossible, because the dam is not completed. The active extraction of fresh underground water leads to its replacement by salty water that surrounds the peninsula on all sides. The three reservoirs supplying water to Simferopol were at one-third their capacity. An estimated 35 million HRN (around $1.2 million) is needed to finish the construction. Ukraine cut off fresh water supply along the canal that had supplied 85% of the peninsula's needs after Moscow annexed Crimea in 2014. The official position of the President Volodymyr Zelensky on renewing water supply to Crimea is straightforward no water until de-occupation. Claire Harbage/NPR A United Nations convention on the issue only came in to effect in 2014 and it helps little in this clash because neither Ukraine nor Russia have signed on to it. Dmesio centre - iuolaikins muzikos, milinik vaizdo projekcij ir poezijos sintez, pasakojanti . Russia has launched a probe into what it called "ecocide" over Ukraine's decision to suspend water deliveries to Russia-annexed Crimea. Crimea's Water Crisis Is an Impossible Problem for Putin The Russian-occupied peninsula is thirsty, with reservoirs running low. Construction of the canal and irrigation systems began in 1957 and was carried out in several stages. The first stage opened in October 1963, carrying water as far as Krasnoperekopsk in the north. We will never sell your information. For the Kremlin, the blockage of the canal was a vexing and expensive challenge. you need to be logged in to access this page. Now they are filled with water from rivers and wells. This water reservoir can ensure uninterrupted water supply to Simferopol, Saky, Evpatoria, and northern Sevastopol. A steady water supply allowed to wash down the salt in the ground and saturate the soil with moisture. November 15, 2022 at 11:33 AM . This method, however, is counterproductive. She'd like to return home but fighting continues just a few miles from where she used to live. Before the occupation, the canal provided85% of drinkable waterto Crimea. It is a very old equipment that has been used for many years. In early 2021, as Mr. Putin massed troops on the Ukrainian border in preparation for the invasion, some analysts speculated that restoring the flow of water in the canal might have been a major objective for Moscow.Russian engineers blew open the dam in late February, days after Russian forces invaded Ukraine and took control of the area around Kherson. ", Built in the Soviet era, the canal from mainland Ukraine is flowing again now into Crimea. To put things in perspective, before the construction of the NCC, in the 1950s the population of Crimea was1.1 million, as opposed to2.4 millionin 2014. Rain and snowfall are not sufficient to replenish groundwater resources. However, the construction was suspended for five years due to the lack of funds. Satellite Imagery Shows Ukrainian Water Flowing Again to Crimea, as Russia Nears Big Objective, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/08/world/europe/crimea-water-canal-russia.html. This process made the land suitable for agriculture allowing the local farmers to grow crops and vegetables on now fertile ground. However, it is a costly and time-consuming process. Chronic water shortages have been an acute problem ever since. Tourism, one of the main income sources for the locals, suffered several shocks. It would undermine Ukraines claim to the peninsula and would be seen as a public betrayal. Firstly, the water crisis doesnt endanger civilians. Crimea currently ranks 56th among Russian federal subjects with the unemployment rate of 5.9% compared to 5.7% in 2013. Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles. People on a bridge over Northern Crimean Canal in the town of Armyansk. In 2013, the industrial sector consumed around 12% of the water supply, in 2015 this number grew up to 50%. The objective was to restore irrigation and urban supplies to the Kerch Peninsula and to smaller communities on the east coast of Crimea. There were multiple reasons why Russia invaded Ukraine, Olenenko says, and restoring the flow of water to Crimea was one of them. However, Russian subsidies are not sufficient to counter the effects of water shortages on the peninsula. Secondly, it is believed that the resumption of water supply will only extend the occupation. If the water crisis in Crimea isnt solved, locals will have no other choice but to leave. The plan is to merge the NCC with another major canal in Kherson Oblast into a single public joint-stock company Tavriya Waters, which would facilitate the water supply to Crimea. It has become a source of tension not only between Moscow and Kyiv but also within the Ukrainian government itself. Ukraine responded by damming the canal with bags of sand and clay to prevent the now Russian-occupied peninsula from benefiting from the valuable freshwater. Thetourismsector is further undermined by water shortages that forced Simferopol to limit water consumption this year. Yuriy Lashov/AFP via Getty Images The industry leader for online information for tax, accounting and finance professionals. hide caption. Russian-held Donetsk in eastern Ukraine is experiencing a water crisis, official says. Russian forces invading Ukraine said they had taken control of a vital canal to supply water to Moscow-annexed Crimea, which has been suffering from shortages for the past eight years. They all require big amounts of fresh water to operate safely. The idea to construct the canal was raised in the 19th century, particularly by the Russian-Finnish botanist Christian von Steven. It is difficult to estimate to what extent these investments compensate for the losses suffered by the local economy as a result of occupation, sanctions and water shortages. Firstly, despite considerable investments to resolve it, the water crisis continues to put pressure on the local economy. 4 min read. Exclusive news, data and analytics for financial market professionals, Reporting by Maxim Rodionov Reuters MOSCOW, Feb 26 (Reuters) - Russian troops have destroyed a concrete dam built in Ukraine's Kherson Region in 2014 to cut off water to Crimea, the RIA news agency quoted the governor. This year, due to a second consecutive winter with low snowfall, several reservoirs supplying water to the major cities on the peninsula stand almost empty. Part of the 60-kilometer-long pipeline to transfer water from the Taigan Reservoir to the Simferopol Reservoir. The purpose of these ambitious projects is not only to meet the water demand of Crimeas civilian population. In 2019, Russia began the reconstruction of the intermountain water reservoir near Simferopol. It remains to be seen what exactly will happen to Crimea if Russia, due to the economic crisis, will have to cut its investments in the region. At that point, the citys water supply could only last 90 to 100 days. The Kremlin proposed various solutions, including trucking it across a new 12-mile-long bridge from mainland Russia,. A suspected Ukraine drone strike that ignited a massive fire at a Crimean oil depot in the Russian-occupied city of Sevastopol was a prelude to a much . The water crisis in Crimea is not severe enough to trigger a mass migration. However, Russian subsidies are not sufficient to counter the effects of water shortages on the peninsula. When the North Crimean Canal was constructed, it took around 10 years to prepare Crimean soil for cultivation. Following the annexation, his factories were reregistered under Russian law and continued to operate on the peninsula. It remains to be seen what exactly will happen to Crimea if Russia, due to the economic crisis, will have to cut its investments in the region. Exclusive news, data and analytics for financial market professionals, Reporting by Andrey Ostroukh; Writing by Alexander Marrow; editing by Tom Balmforth, Ukrainian defenders oust Russian forces from some positions in Bakhmut -Ukraine general, Oil depot fire part of Ukraine's preparation for counter-offensive - military, Russian strikes kill two in Ukraine, damage dozens of buildings, US believes Russians in Ukraine have suffered 100,000 casualties in 5 months, British royals release photo of a beaming Princess Charlotte, UK retailers report record food inflation but see falls ahead, Sudanese fleeing north face arduous crossing into Egypt, Paraguayans see Pena as 'ideal' president to boost economy, Lawmaker says Canada govt did not inform him of report of China's threats to family. The ultimatum, no water until de-occupation, resonates with many politicians, experts and the general public across the land. 19:30 val. It was not until after World War II when the decision was adopted in September 1950 by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Government of the Soviet Union. Furthermore, if Kyiv shows that it is ready to make concessions in regards to Crimea, it might weaken its position in negotiations on Donbas. The canal blockade has affected agriculture on the peninsula. Didysis atidarymo ou SUKILIMAS. A satellite image showing the same section of the canal on April 24, two months after the Russian invasion. The water pumping stations are still using the engines installed in the 70s. The statute doesn't assert that a country has to give its neighbors enough water to run fish farms and grow rice. Among them are prominent MPs from the presidents party Servant of the People.. In Armyansk the concentration of hydrogen fluoride in the air reportedly exceeded the norm by 1.8 times; while in Krasnoperekopsk the level of hydrogen chloride exceeded the norm by 4.4 times. The peninsula has23 reservoirs, with 15 in-stream and 8 off-stream reservoirs. Browse an unrivalled portfolio of real-time and historical market data and insights from worldwide sources and experts. However, steady water supply did create new opportunities on the peninsula, opportunities that were not possible without it. It's one of several measures authorities have taken to cope with the deepening drought crisis. It is a very old equipment that has been used for many years. They are big taxpayers and are often the only work source for the locals. Satellite imagery showed movements of armour, missiles, and heavy . This decision stems from the following considerations. With temperatures soaring to more than 40C at this time of the year, I normally sleep outside in my garden, but I . Without water, this region will gradually return to its original state of half-desert. Ukrainian officials closed the canal, which supplies most of the peninsula's water, after Russia annexed Crimea. While each side waits for the other to give in, the situation in Crimea continues to deteriorate. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 2023 RFE/RL, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Geopoliticalmonitor.com is an open-source intelligence collection and forecasting service, providing research, analysis and up to date coverage on situations and events that have a substantive impact on political, military and economic affairs. Reuters provides business, financial, national and international news to professionals via desktop terminals, the world's media organizations, industry events and directly to consumers. This year, Russia blew up the dam blocking the canal. To deal with the water shortages the new authorities started drilling wells to use underground water for irrigation. KYIV, Ukraine >> A massive fire erupted at an oil depot in Crimea after it was hit by two of Ukraine's drones, a Russia-appointed official there reported Saturday, the latest in a series of . News/Politics 2022-12-26T08 . So getting the people of Crimea access to water, under this view of the conflict, is Russia's problem. The Russian-backed administration in Crimea did not come up with adequate solutions to the water crisis, and instead increased their reliance on reservoirs and wells. Political tensions surrounding the water crisis in Crimea. Before the construction of the NCC, most of the local residents lived in the cities near the seashore. Russian sources indicate that Crimeas economy continues to grow. Secondly, Crimea heavily depends on Russian subsidies, which in itself carries additional risks. [15] That same year, the New York Times cited senior American officials as stating that securing Crimea's water supply could be an objective of a possible incursion by Russia into Ukraine. Local authorities gave no viable explanation regarding the source of harmful emissions. However, the lack of data makes it difficult to compare the state of the local economy before and after annexation. The water crisis in Crimea is a geopolitical issue that cant be solved by pouring endless funds into it. Some aspects of this crisis are fairly straightforward, for instance, the impact on the agricultural sector that suffered tremendous losses after the water supply from the mainland was cut off. This process is reversible. The agricultural sector suffers further losses as the much-needed water supply is being diverted to meet the needs of the Crimean industry. The plan is to merge the NCC with another major canal in Kherson Oblast into a single public joint-stock company Tavriya Waters, which would facilitate the water supply to Crimea. Naturally, water supply from the mainland was not the only factor that contributed to this growth. A deepening water crisis in Crimea is putting severe strain on the Russian government's finances. However, the increase in wages has been accompanied by a 200% increase in the price of consumer goods and services, as well as a rapid depreciation of the ruble. Russia is likely to continue investing in Crimea as long as its military base is stationed there. Russian sourcesindicate that Crimeas economy continues to grow. They all require big amounts of fresh water to operate safely. Crop irrigation on the Crimean Peninsula (24-Happenings, 2022) Figure 2: Canal water allocation by industry (Roerink and Zhovtonog, 2005) Water supplied by the canal is primarily used for agriculture (83%), which is the main industry of Crimea (Figure 2). (ANI/Sputnik) First published: 27 February 2022, 0:18 IST Apart from that, Russian investments helped improve Crimeas energy self-sufficiency; to develop a complex system of communications and logistics, including airports, railways, natural gas and electricity networks; as well as to restore and enhance its military presence on the peninsula. Find local businesses, view maps and get driving directions in Google Maps. In 2013, the amount of irrigated land suitable for cultivation reached130 000 hectares. [6] The reduction caused the peninsula's agricultural harvest, which is heavily dependent on irrigation, to fail in 2014. The impact of water shortages is aggravated by rapid soil salinization. . Moscow spent billions of rubles trying to solve the Crimea water crisis. . Many people employed in the agricultural sector lost their jobs as a result. The main project works took place in three stages between 1961 and 1971. Britain's Prince William and his wife Kate released a new photograph of Princess Charlotte, the granddaughter of King Charles, on Monday, the day before her eighth birthday. The increase in industrial water consumption occurs at the expense of the agricultural sector. The Russian invasion of Ukraine is justified and demonstrates Moscows position as a world power, Myanmar's junta said on Friday, backing its major COP28: A timeline of the United Nations' pledge to tackle climate change, Lebanons missing: Painful search for answers continues 48 years after civil war, Watch: UAEs Sultan al-Neyadi becomes first ever Arab astronaut to perform spacewalk, Imposter Syndrome: How to conquer inner fraud, according to experts, US says 20,000 Russians killed in Ukraine war since December, House speaker says Biden should invite Israeli PM to White House, Goldman Sachs global head of commodities research predicts new super cycle. Soon after Ukraine blocked the North Crimean Canal in 2014, Crimea's booming agricultural economy shriveled. Russia also needs water for its naval base, as well as to support the growing defense industry on the peninsula. "So if you consider the territory [Crimea] to be a part of Ukraine but occupied by Russia, then the law of occupation, the so-called Fourth Geneva Convention, clearly says that it's the occupier that has the responsibility to ensure the welfare of the people living in that occupied territory," Sterio says. April 22, 2022 April 22, . This article was published by Geopolitical Monitor.com. [3][4], After the Maidan revolution and the subsequent Russian annexation of Crimea in March 2014, Ukrainian authorities greatly reduced the volume of water flowing to the peninsula by means of damming the canal south of Kalanchak, about 10 miles (16km) north of the Crimean border, citing a large outstanding debt owed by Crimea for water supplied in 2013. Crimeas residents began to suffer chronic water shortages and occasional shut-offs at the tap. After annexation, when the water supply was cut off, the reservoir started to dry up, gradually shrinking from 30 million cubic meters to less than two. Water shortages can also lead to industrial accidents. It was an arid steppe with salt marshes. The 400-kilometer-long North Crimean Canal (NCC) carried water from Ukraines biggest river, Dnipro, to the peninsula. Technically, if the water supply is renewed, Ukraine can repeat the process of soil desalinization that Crimea went through back in the 1960s. Ukrainian officials closed the canal, which supplies most of the peninsula's water, after Russia annexed Crimea. Part of this money, as was mentioned above, has gone into solving the water crisis. Some speculate that President Zelenskyy is preparing public opinion for a potential trade-off with Putin. Men fishing in the shallow water of the Simferopol Reservoir. However, it is a costly and time-consuming process. It's past midnight in . In 2018, after a severe drought, one of the largest rivers of Crimea, the Biyuk-Karasu, dried up. 2018-2022 Kaunas 2022. Making things even more complicated, international rules requiring "equitable" sharing of water with downstream states don't explicitly define what "equitable" means, she says. In Armyansk the concentration of hydrogen fluoride in the air reportedly exceeded the norm by 1.8 times; while in Krasnoperekopsk the level of hydrogen chloride exceeded the norm by 4.4 times. Theofficial positionof the President Volodymyr Zelensky on renewing water supply to Crimea is straightforward no water until de-occupation. South West Water was fined 2,150,000 and ordered to pay 280,170 in costs. Currently, the NCC is state-owned. The 400-kilometer-long North Crimean Canal (NCC) carried water from Ukraines biggest river, Dnipro, to the peninsula. While the president has repeatedly stated his position on the issue, several members of the parliament have publicly supported the resumption of water supply to Crimea. The most comprehensive solution to manage all your complex and ever-expanding tax and compliance needs. According toSergey Shevchenko, head of the North Crimean Canal Department, the water supply to the peninsula is currently impossible, because the dam is not completed. In addition, both Crimean Titan and Crimean Soda Plant belong to Dmytro Firtash, Ukrainian oligarch known for his pro-Russian views. Local authorities gave no viable explanation regarding the source of harmful emissions. Dried, cracked mud at the bottom of the Simferopol Reservoir. Preparation for construction began in 1957, soon after the transfer of Crimea to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1954. Satellite imagery reviewed by The New York Times shows that water is now flowing through parts of the canal that had been dry since 2014. Moscow now controls the canal to the peninsula and much of the watershed that feeds it. An estimated 35 million HRN (around $1.2 million) is needed to finish the construction. ET, April 27, 2023. According to the norms of the Russian Ministry of Defense, such number of personnel requires around 2.6 million cubic meters of water per year. Crimea's water crisis came after Ukraine shut down a 400-kilometer canal that carried water to the region following Russias 2014 annexation of the peninsula. In 2014, there were12.5 thousandRussian military personnel on the peninsula. Ukraine shut down the canal in 2014 soon after Russia annexed Crimea. Crimea is home to large chemical enterprises, such as the Crimean Titan in Armyansk, as well as Crimean Soda Plant and Brom in Krasnoperekopsk. Reuters, the news and media division of Thomson Reuters, is the worlds largest multimedia news provider, reaching billions of people worldwide every day. In 2018, Crimea was hit by a severe drought provoked by a lack of precipitation. This precipitated an international crisis due to concerns over a potential invasion. While the local water resources are limited, for the last six years they provided enough water to meet the needs of the local population. ET, April 28, 2023. Between 2013 and 2016, the average nominal salary changed from 10,683 RUB (3,561 USD) up to 24,200 RUB (3,623 USD), which represents only 2% growth. In 2018,the Ministry for Temporarily Occupied Territories and Internally Displaced Persons of Ukrainereleased new maps based on satellite imagery demonstrating the record decline of vegetation in the northern, eastern, and western parts of Crimea. A satellite image showing a section of the Northern Crimean Canal near the town of Pobednoye, Ukraine, before the Russian invasion, on February 21. Russia also needs water for its naval base, as well as to support thegrowing defense industryon the peninsula. Updated June 13, 2022 at 4:10 PM ET. The canal begins at the city of Tavriisk, where it draws from the Kakhovka Reservoir fed by the Dnieper river, and runs for 402.6km (250.2mi) in a generally southeasterly direction, terminating at the small village of Zelnyi Yar (Lenine Raion). As Crimean land was made suitable for cultivation, more and more people were attracted by the new prospects opening up on the peninsula. In 2019, the number increased up to 31.5 thousand. This year, due to a second consecutive winter with low snowfall, several reservoirs supplying water to the major cities on the peninsula stand almost empty. It turned the semiarid northern plains of the Crimean Peninsula into a lush agricultural region. Furthermore, in March 2020 the Russian authorities announced their intention to invest3.5 billion rubles($45 million) into the construction of water treatment and desalination plants across Crimea. Technically, if the water supply is renewed, Ukraine can repeat the process of soil desalinization that Crimea went through back in the 1960s. The construction was conducted by the Komsomol members sent by the Komsomol travel ticket (Komsomolskaya putyovka) as part of shock construction projects and accounted for some 10,000 volunteer workers. The crisis has gradually transformed the peninsula, creating challenges to the eventual reintegration of Crimea back into Ukraine. (File photo: Reuters). The possibility that the NCC might end up in private hands causes public concern. -. In the last six years, regional foreign trade suffered considerable losses. Is it just another example of political backstabbing and lack of party unity or is there more to this situation than meets the eye? In February 2020, local authorities reported that the regional capital, Simferopol, was facing awater shortage. In 2013, the industrial sector consumed around 12% of the water supply, in 2015 this number grew up to 50%. The 400-kilometer-long North Crimean Canal (NCC) carried water from Ukraine's biggest river, Dnipro, to the peninsula. in the near future but the world is witnessing an ongoing 'Water War' conflict between Russia and Ukraine over the Crimea water crisis since 2014. The construction of the North Crimean Canal that brought Dnipro water to the peninsula transformed the land. Another possibility was to seize more of Ukraine. Without water, this region will gradually return to its original state of half-desert. In practice, Russia's invasion made all these legal questions moot, regarding the water for Crimea. It was an arid steppe with salt marshes. On 24 February 2022, the first day of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian troops advancing from Crimea established control over the North Crimean Canal. The canal has multiple branches throughout Kherson Oblast and Crimea. All of a sudden, farmers were able to plant fruit orchards. According to the estimates, water resources available on the peninsula are sufficient to meet the needs of the local population. Between 2013 and 2016, the average nominal salary changed from 10,683 RUB (3,561 USD) up to 24,200 RUB (3,623 USD), which represents only 2% growth. ", "Berezovsky, E. - ? In 2018, water shortage caused a chemical accident at the Crimean Titan. While water shortages can lead to serious accidents at Crimean chemical plants, these enterprises are unlikely to be shut down. Last week, Russia's defense minister announced that the water supply to Crimea from mainland Ukraine has been fully restored. Two days into Russia's invasion of Ukraine in late February, Russian military forces blew up a dam that Ukraine had built to cut off Crimea's primary water supply. Once Russia can cut its expenditures on water provision, it will be able to invest more in the enhancement of its military presence in Crimea. Crimea received most of its water from Ukraine's Dnieper River via the North Crimean Canal until 2014, when Moscow annexed the peninsula and Kyiv authorities blocked the waterway. This February, ex-MP Sergey Khlan from the Solidarity party revealed that the government is actively considering privatization of the North Crimean Canal. Especially in the eastern part of Crimea, plants and trees gradually dry out and die because of increasing soil salinity. One of the major constraints hampering the regional economy is Western sanctions imposed following the annexation. In March, Ukrainian journalistYurij Butusovciting unnamed sources claimed that the resumption of water supply to Crimea was one of the key conditions set by Vladimir Putin for progress toward peace in Donbas. Crimea.Realities is a regional news outlet of RFE/RL's Ukrainian Service. Your email address is stored on an encrypted and secure server. The sanctions have aggravated the situation allowing Crimean cities to accept only domestic flights. A steady water supply allowed to wash down the salt in the ground and saturate the soil with moisture. Moscow has also earmarked funds to repair Crimea's rusting water-distribution network. Through these, water is also supplied to the city of Simferopol.[2]. However, steady water supply did create new opportunities on the peninsula, opportunities that were not possible without it. Other factors that undermine the Crimean agricultural sector include local weather conditions and the distribution of remaining water resources. In February 2020, local authorities reported that the regional capital, Simferopol, was facing a water shortage. This water reservoir can ensure uninterrupted water supply to Simferopol, Saky, Evpatoria, and northern Sevastopol. While water shortages can lead to serious accidents at Crimean chemical plants, these enterprises are unlikely to be shut down. Januar 1976", "Russia fears Crimea water shortage as supply drops", "Where Ukrainians Are Preparing for All-Out War With Russia", "New Pipelines Start Supplying Fresh Water to Crimea", " ", " ", " - ", " 1200 1,5 - ", "Crimea's Water Crisis Is an Impossible Problem for Putin", "Dam leaves Crimea population in chronic water shortage", "The devastating human, economic costs of Crimea's annexation", "80,000 Russian Troops Remain at Ukraine Border as U.S. and NATO Hold Exercises", " : ", " ", "Canal in annexed Crimea to be readied for water from Ukraine's Dnieper, official says", " ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Crimean_Canal&oldid=1152649462, This page was last edited on 1 May 2023, at 14:08.

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