A significant proportion (78/85) of the different mutations identified would not have been detected by the ACMG/ACOG-recommended 25-mutation screening panel. Support teaching, research, and patient care. Depletion of stored Ca2+ by either receptor stimulation or microsomal Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibition activated a low conductance, Ca(2+)-selective, non-voltage-activated membrane current. Dr. Phyllis Gardner, a Stanford Medical School professor, was skeptical of the Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes early on, having rejected Holmes' idea for a patch that could deploy. Lalonde, G., McDonald, T. V., Gardner, P., OHANLEY, P. D. A CAMP-REGULATED CHLORIDE CHANNEL IN LYMPHOCYTES THAT IS AFFECTED IN CYSTIC-FIBROSIS, TRIGGERING OF LYMPHOCYTES-T VIA EITHER T3-TI OR T11 SURFACE-STRUCTURES OPENS A VOLTAGE-INSENSITIVE PLASMA-MEMBRANE CALCIUM-PERMEABLE CHANNEL - REQUIREMENT FOR INTERLEUKIN-2 GENE-FUNCTION. However, the absence of voltage-dependent activation, relative conductance sequence for divalent cations (Ca2+ > Ba2+ approximately Sr2+ > Mn2+), and lack of inhibition by nifedipine, D600, diltiazem, delta-conotoxin, or aga-IVa were unlike that of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. She's a professor of medicine at Stanford and a former partner in a health care venture capital firm. McDonald, T. V., Premack, B. We show the cDNA structure of two variants of this human CaM kinase, gamma B and gamma C, which are predicted to translate to 518 and 495 amino acids, respectively. Maldonado, D., Schumann, M., Nghiem, P., Dong, Y., Gardner, P. REGULATION OF CL- CHANNELS BY MULTIFUNCTIONAL CAM KINASE. Phosphorylation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) by cAMP-dependent protein kinase leads to chloride flux in epithelial cells. The initial technical evaluation of this microarray demonstrates that it is comprehensive, robust, sensitive, specific, and easily modifiable. Ca2+/calmodulin activation of Cl- channels presents a pathway with therapeutic potential for circumventing defective regulation of Cl- channels in cystic fibrosis. Holmes forged ahead anyway. Patch clamp studies in T and B cells have revealed the presence of several types of ion channels that apparently contribute to the ion fluxes and to the membrane potential changes associated with lymphocyte activation. CF is an early target for in vivo gene therapy, since it is a monogenic autosomal recessive disease in which restoration of normal cAMP-regulated Cl- conductance can be achieved by complementation with a normal gene. Whether a physiological defect exists in the immune system of CF patients has remained controversial. View details for Web of Science ID A1991GP26900012. By means of arrayed primer extension technology, we have designed a genotyping microarray with 204 probe sites for CF transmembrane conductance regulator gene mutation detection. In addition, voltage-gated K+ channels, which closely resemble the delayed rectifier K+ channel of nerve and muscle, can be classified into three subtypes, according to their voltage dependence of activation, inactivation kinetics, and pharmacological sensitivity. Cystic fibrosis (CF), a lethal disease common to Caucasians, is characterized by a defect in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator and the resulting defective cAMP-regulated Cl- secretion by epithelial cells. A., Gardner, P. RECOMBINANT HUMAN TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA INDUCES CALCIUM OSCILLATION AND CALCIUM-ACTIVATED CHLORIDE CURRENT IN HUMAN NEUTROPHILS - THE ROLE OF CALCIUM CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN-KINASE. A membrane-permeable cAMP analog mimicked the effect of PGE1, whereas intracellular application of a cAMP antagonist Rp-cAMP blocked the effect of PGE1. It is unclear whether or not this type of Ca2+ channel is present in straight B-cell lines. There is also an associated K+ efflux and membrane hyperpolarization. After more than a decade in conceptualisation and experimentation, four systems that have commercial potential are discussed: i) implantable microchips with on-demand microdosage for one or more therapeutic agents under internal control or external control using a wireless link; ii) nanopore pumps, implantable titanium pumps, consisting of a drug reservoir with a nanopore-release membrane, capable of delivering potent small or macromolecules at constant serum levels for sustained periods of time; iii) nanocages, microfabricated nanopore immunoisolation chambers for cellular implants, capable of natural feedback-controlled delivery of proteins and peptides; and iv) nanobuckets, micromachined silicon porous particles with drug-loading capacity and targeting ligands for localised delivery. The Ca-binding proteins found in T-cells include members of both the EF-hand and annexin families, as well as other types of Ca-binding proteins. The involvement of CFTR suggests a possible cystic fibrosis heterozygote advantage against STa-induced diarrhea. Comprehensive arrayed primer extension array for the detection of 59 sequence variants in 15 conditions prevalent among the (Ashkenazi) Jewish population. We were unable to detect a statistically significant difference between our control and affected populations regarding the frequency of sequence variants detected with the APEX array. One secondary endpoint, measurements of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in sinus fluid, was significantly (p < 0.03) increased in the tgAAVCF-treated sinus relative to the placebo-treated sinus at day 90 after vector instillation. In this study, we tested the feasibility of utilizing DBHQ to improve Cl- secretion via the Ca(2+)-dependent pathway, in the cystic fibrosis (CF)-derived pancreatic epithelial cell line CFPAC-1. (Photo by Dai Sugano/MediaNews . In addition, several other internal feedback controls on TCR/CD3 function, by CD4-induced tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of the CD3 zeta subunit, or on the Ca2+ signal, by extracellular Cl- or by GM1 gangliosides, are also postulated. She took one to Dr. Phyllis Gardner, a Stanford Medical School professor. Patch clamp studies have identified an InsP3-activated, Ca2+ permeable channel in the plasma membrane of T lymphocytes that may be responsible for the sustained elevation of [Ca2+]i during continuous TCR/CD3 occupancy. Because GSK-3 responds to signals initiated by Wnt and other ligands, NF-AT family members could be effectors of these pathways. Michael Kovac // Getty Images Stanford professor Phyllis Gardner, MD, has been an outspoken skeptic of Elizabeth Holmes, and her now defunct company Theranos for years. But Cl- flux in cystic fibrosis cells, as in normal cells, can be activated by raising intracellular Ca2+ (refs 5-10). The ability of SK&F 96365 to inhibit IL-2 synthesis and cell proliferation suggests that a new class of related Ca2+ channel blockers can be developed as immunosuppressive agents. A., McDonald, T. V., NGHIEM, P. T., Lowe, A. W., Schulman, H., Gruenert, D. C., Stryer, L., Gardner, P. HUMAN-LYMPHOCYTES TRANSCRIBE THE CYSTIC-FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR GENE AND EXHIBIT CF-DEFECTIVE CAMP-REGULATED CHLORIDE CURRENT. The identity of the amplified products was confirmed by hybridization to CFTR-specific probes and DNA sequencing. Cystic fibrosis is associated with defective regulation of apical membrane chloride channels in airway epithelial cells. Support Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford and child and maternal health. Expression of the CFTR protein is thought to be physiologically important only in exocrine epithelial cells. Bay K 8644 from 10(-9) to 10(-4) M caused a dose-dependent rise in the intracellular free Ca concentration, an effect that was not mimicked by the dihydropyridine Ca antagonist nifedipine. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subjects, phase II clinical trial of the effect AAV-CFTR on clinical recurrence of sinusitis will determine the clinical efficacy of AAV gene therapy for CF. These include resting ionic homeostasis and the more complex signaling events involved in activation, proliferation, cytotoxic function, and volume regulation. Specific attenuation of interleukin-2 transcriptional induction occurs in Jurkat T cells following pretreatment with a Ca2+ ionophore. This study was conducted in Jurkat T cells to investigate the effects of A77 1726 on signal transduction pathways initiated by ligands of the T-cell receptor CD3 complex and to evaluate the effects of A77 1726 on nucleotide biosynthesis.Tritiated thymidine incorporation and cell counts quantitated cell proliferation. The expression of the three K+ channel subtypes varies with the cell's developmental state and functional class. She sits on the Harvard Medical School Board of Fellows and the boards of biotechnology companies. This cost-effective array is based on a diversely applied platform technology and is suitable for both carrier screening and disease detection in Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jewish populations. An adeno-associated virus vector (AAV-CFTR) was used in a phase I dose-escalation study to transfer CFTR cDNA into respiratory epithelial cells of the maxillary sinus of 10 CF patients.A prospective, randomized, unblinded, dose-escalation, within-subjects, phase I clinical trial of AAV-CFTR was conducted.Ten patients with previous bilateral maxillary antrostomies were treated.Safety, gene transfer as measured by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sinus transepithelial potential difference (TEPD) were measured.The highest level of gene transfer was observed in the range of 0.1-1 AAV-CFTR vector copy per cell in biopsy specimens obtained 2 weeks after treatment. Furthermore, currents flowing through Ca2+-permeable channels are apparently autoregulated, as inward conductance is abolished by elevation of Ca2+ concentration in the bathing solution. Individuals who carry two mild mutations in the GJB2 gene possibly have an increased risk of developing early presbycusis. Phyllis Gardner was a skeptic of Elizabeth Holmes dating back to when she met Holmes, nearly 20 years ago. SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION BY T-CELL RECEPTORS - MOBILIZATION OF CA AND REGULATION OF CA-DEPENDENT EFFECTOR MOLECULES, ANTISENSE OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDES TO THE CYSTIC-FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR INHIBIT CAMP-ACTIVATED BUT NOT CALCIUM-ACTIVATED CHLORIDE CURRENTS. Three channel types that may contribute to activation have also been described in B lymphocytes. View details for Web of Science ID 000078432500017. Sinusitis recurred at a rate of 45% during one month of follow-up. View details for Web of Science ID A1995TM55700002. We conclude that CFTR mRNA is expressed in lymphocytes, consistent with the cAMP regulation of chloride transport present in normal lymphocytes but defective in CF-derived lymphocytes. This action was blocked by substituting Cs+ for K+ in the recording pipette and by the substance P antagonist. STANFORD, CA - MAY 24: Stanford University professor Phyllis Gardner poses for a portrait on May 24, 2019, in Stanford, Calif. Gardner's blunt criticism of Theranos and its disgraced founder . Traditional therapeutic modalities address these problems with pancreatic enzyme replacement, vitamins and nutritional supplementation, antibiotics, and respiratory therapy. Enhanced opening probability appears to be mediated by the second messenger InsP3, implying that InsP3 is responsible for both intracellular Ca2+ stores release and enhanced transmembrane Ca2+ influx. Stanford professor Phyllis Gardner, MD, has been an outspoken skeptic of Elizabeth Holmes, and her now defunct company Theranos for years. However, chronic respiratory inflammation and infection remain unexplained phenomena in disease pathogenesis. Dong, Y. J., Chao, A. C., Kouyama, K., Hsu, Y. P., BOCIAN, R. C., Moss, R. B., Gardner, P. MOLECULAR STRATEGIES FOR THERAPY OF CYSTIC-FIBROSIS, INHIBITION BY SK-AND-F-96365 OF CA2+ CURRENT, IL-2 PRODUCTION AND ACTIVATION IN T-LYMPHOCYTES. The effects of the dihydropyridine calcium channel agonist Bay K 8644 on indo-1-loaded Jurkat human leukemia T lymphocytes was assessed by flow cytometry. An alternative to pulmonary testing of new CF treatments is use of the maxillary sinuses as a surrogate model of CF lung disease. Several properties of the depletion-activated Ca2+ current suggest that it is carried by a novel type of Ca2+ channel rather than an electrogenic carrier or pump. Sense and misantisense oligomers served as controls. Specialties. Gardner recently opened up about her distrust and dislike . View details for Web of Science ID A1989AX58900003. The results suggest that the dihydropyridine Ca agonist Bay K 8644 interacts with both voltage-gated and receptor-operated Ca channels and also suggest potential strategies for development of a new class of immunomodulatory drugs. A77 1726, the active metabolite of leflunomide, inhibits lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. Expression of beta-Gal did not differ substantially when the virus was administered to the duodenum, ileum, or colon. These assays suggest a pore diameter in the order of 2 nm. Stimulation of T cells by externally applied PGE1 stimulated 125I efflux and activated a slowly developing membrane current. Administration of an adenoviral vector encoding a secreted alkaline phosphatase to the lumen resulted in expression and secretion of this gene product into the circulation. Stimulation of T-lymphocytes via either structure results in opening of an identical set of voltage-insensitive plasma membrane Ca2+-permeable channels through the action of a diffusible second messenger. Moss, R. B., BOCIAN, R. C., Hsu, Y. P., Dong, Y. J., Kemna, M., Wei, T., Gardner, P. Mechanism of the antiproliferative action of leflunomide - A77 1726, the active metabolite of leflunomide, does not block T-cell receptor-mediated signal transduction but its antiproliferative effects are antagonized by pyrimidine nucleosides. Recent national guidelines suggest that all couples contemplating pregnancy should be informed of molecular screening for CF carrier status for purposes of genetic counseling. These channels in normal cells are activated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C. In cystic fibrosis these kinases fail to activate otherwise normal Cl- channels. The known potent A2 adenosine receptor (A2AR) agonist, 5'-(N-cyclopropyl) carboxamidoadenosine (CPCA, 2 microM) but not the A1 adenosine receptor agonist, N6-phenyl adenosine (N6-phenyl ADO, 10 microM) markedly increased 125I efflux rate (baseline, 5.9 +/- 2.0% min-1, + CPCA, 10.9 +/- 0.6% min-1; P < 0.01). Intracellular administration of hydrolysis-resistant guanosine triphosphate (to persistently activate GTP-binding protein) and guanosine diphosphate (to competitively inhibit GTP-binding proteins) analogues mimicked and inhibited substance P-induced reduction of K+ conductance, respectively. Phyllis I. Gardner (born July 7, 1950) is a Professor of Medicine at the Stanford University School of Medicine. In the series premiere episode of 'The Dropout,' actress Laurie Metcalf essays the role of Gardner. By means of path clamp recording and associated cell and molecular biological techniques, we have studied:1. Cystic fibrosis (CF), which is due to mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene, is a common life-shortening disease. Exclusion criteria comprised known causes of hearing loss such as significant noise exposure, trauma, ototoxic medication, neoplasm, and congenital infection or syndrome, as well as congenital or pediatric onset. 3. The arrayed primer extension genotyping microarray carries 59 sequence variant detection sites, of which 53 are detectable bi-directionally. Gardner and. Deafness and hearing impairment have a genetic cause in at least half the cases. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common lethal genetic disease among Caucasians, primarily affecting epithelial tissues of the lung and gut. A > 90% block of inducible interleukin-2 reporter gene activity was initiated by transfection of a constitutively active mutant of multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase or CaM kinase II), but not by constitutive mutants of CaM kinase IV, calcineurin or protein kinase C. The block was complete six hours after kinase transfection and showed specificity for interleukin-2; there was no change in beta-actin transcription or in c-fos transcription induced by phorbol myristyl acetate, and a Rous sarcoma virus promoter was stimulated threefold. Foreman, P. K., Wainwright, M. J., Alicke, B., Kovesdi, I., Wickham, T. J., Smith, J. G., Meier-Davis, S., Fix, J. Gardner recently. Ca2+ is generally thought to be an essential second messenger for early activation, but the precise molecular events contingent upon the Ca2+ signal remain to be determined. Although CF-derived TCC preserved mitogen and antigen proliferative responses and specificity to tetanus toxoid epitopes, they selectively secreted approximately 45% less IL-10 compared with control TCC after activation with concanavalin A (Con A) (624 +/- 101 versus 1564 +/- 401 pg/ml per 10(6) cells, respectively; P = 0.04) or anti-CD3/phorbol ester (5148 +/- 1634 versus 11788 +/- 2390 pg/ml; P = 0.05). Each of the systems, along with future trends in microfabrication manufacturing, limitations and possibilities, are discussed. Ion channels, and ion fluxes in general, appear to regulate a wide variety of processes important to lymphocyte function in normal and disease states. View details for Web of Science ID A1989AK17900033. View details for Web of Science ID A1994PH25400057. In the Ashkenazi Jewish population, serious and lethal genetic conditions occur with relatively high frequency. It was 2002, and the student was a Stanford University sophomore. [1] [2] [3] New patients are welcome. View details for Web of Science ID 000260722000005. ADO (0.1-mM) and CPCA (2 microM) both induced a marked increase in intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i); the effect of the latter was again abolished by pretreatment of the cells with DMPX. Phyllis Gardner, Stanford University professor of medicine and health care venture capital firm partner, on her early suspicions about disgraced Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes, whom she . Site-directed mutagenesis of the predicted autoinhibitory domain yielded a mutant which was approximately 37% active in the absence of Ca2+/calmodulin, confirming the region as critical for autoregulation, and suggesting this mutant as a tool for studying the role of CaM kinase in nonneuronal tissues. The regulation of the channels by adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase in transformed B cells from CF patients is defective. View details for Web of Science ID A1989AU52300004. Lifetime resident of Fullerton, passed away on 11/18/21 in her home. Secretion of interferon-gamma, IL-2, and IL-4 was comparable in CF and control TCC after both forms of activation, while IL-5 was reduced in CF TCC following anti-CD3/phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) but not after Con A. She is survived by daughters Gina & Michelle as well as seven grandchildren, six great-grandchildren, and her last remaining sibling, Larry. View details for Web of Science ID A1991GF80400001. GSK-3 phosphorylates conserved serines necessary for nuclear export, promotes nuclear exit, and thereby opposes Ca2+-calcineurin signaling. This is supported by a comparison with other large CFTR studies. Dr. Phyllis Gardner, MD is an Internal Medicine Specialist in Stanford, CA and has over 47 years of experience in the medical field. This hemolysin produces pores in membranes as demonstrated by osmotic protection studies using red blood cells and carbohydrate compounds of various molecular weights. Phase I/II AAV-CFTR gene therapy trials.3. Leflunomide, a novel immunosuppressive drug, prolongs experimental graft survival effectively and has been well tolerated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. View details for Web of Science ID 000228736900018. tgAAVCF, an adeno-associated cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) viral vector/gene construct, was administered to 23 patients in a Phase II, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. View details for Web of Science ID A1989T048300039. With intracellular application of the Ca2+ chelator 1,2-bis (2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate (5 mM), the calmodulin antagonist (2 microM), CaM kinase II-(290-309), or the inhibitory peptide (10 microM), CaM kinase II-(273-302), the current was no longer activated by rhTNF alpha. This finding demonstrates the potential of enterocytes to serve as heterotopic sites for the synthesis of heterologous gene products that would be secreted into the lumen of the intestinal tract or into the bloodstream. To investigate this signal transduction, plasma membrane calcium-permeable channels were characterized in T-lymphocytes by means of whole cell or single channel patch-clamp recordings. Premack, B. View details for Web of Science ID A1993KH62000095. Wagner, J. View details for Web of Science ID A1994NM61500008. When tested, persistence was observed in one patient for 41 days and in another for 10 weeks. This page may have moved, does not exist, or we may be experiencing a temporary issue. Over one third of the mutations (27/85) occurred with a relative frequency >1%, which illustrates that the identified mutations are not all rare. Wagner, J. View details for Web of Science ID A1995QV29100011. Overexpression of either P-gp or cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, the protein product of the CF gene and another member of the ATP-dependent transporters, is associated with a hypotonicity-induced, rapid onset, transient current prior to onset of the volume-sensitive chloride-selective current, an apparent nonspecific effect related to the overexpression of an integral membrane protein. Pyrimidine and purine nucleosides were used to assess antagonism of the antiproliferative activity of A77 1726. Gardner tried to. Patch-clamp studies have identified a cAMP-dependent Cl- conductance in lymphocytes that is defectively regulated in cystic fibrosis. Dr. Phyllis Gardner Despite Holmes' ability to charm older white businessman, assembling an impressive all-male board of directors at Theranos, there was one person who told her what she was. B-lymphoblasts from CF-affected humans demonstrated defective Cl- conductance regulation by cAMP but preserved regulation by calcium-mediated and volume regulation mechanisms. 4. For each patient, a dose of 100,000 replication units of tgAAVCF was administered to one maxillary sinus, while the contralateral maxillary sinus received a placebo treatment, thereby establishing an inpatient control. She has served on the board of directors of several public and private companies, including . Modulation of the voltage-gated K+ conductance in T-lymphocytes by substance P was examined. In contrast, the calcium-activated chloride current was not affected by antisense treatment. She attended the Slade School of Fine Art and was a suffragette when they met. The antisense oligomers were a pair of adjacent 18-mers complementary to nucleotides 1-18 and 19-36 of CFTR mRNA. STANFORD, CA - MAY 24: Stanford University professor Phyllis Gardner poses for a portrait on May 24, 2019, in Stanford, Calif. Gardner's blunt criticism of Theranos and its disgraced founder, Elizabeth Holmes, have made her a favorite among those who have closely followed the blood testing company's downfall. In summary, this Phase II trial confirms the safety of tgAAVCF but provides little support of its efficacy in the within-patient controlled sinus study. View details for Web of Science ID 000231054600008. T-cell receptor signalling activates multifunctional CaM kinase. View details for Web of Science ID A1995RY95400014. Dr. Phyllis Gardner, MD is a board certified internist in Stanford, California. Voltage-insensitive Ca2+ channels, Ca2+-dependent K+ channels, other downstream Ca2+ dependent effector molecules; role in cellular activation and signal transduction.2. Ca2+ influx induced by inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)-coupled surface receptors (either the TCR or a heterologous muscarinic receptor) was compared with Ca2+ influx induced by inhibitors of the microsomal Ca(2+)-ATPase (thapsigargin, cyclopiazonic acid, di-tert-butylhydroquinone), which release stored Ca2+ without production of IP3. In the present study, we investigated whether P1 agonist-induced Cl- secretion is preserved in cystic fibrosis airway epithelium and which signalling mechanism is involved. The official 2023 Baseball schedule for the Stanford University Cardinal These data provide evidence for a novel in vitro mechanism of the antiproliferative action of this immunosuppressant. Hearing loss has a genetic etiology in the majority of cases and is very common. Using the Hereditary Hearing Loss arrayed primer extension (APEX) array, which contains 198 mutations across 8 hearing loss-associated genes (GJB2, GJB6, GJB3, GJA1, SLC26A4, SLC26A5, 12S-rRNA, and tRNA Ser), we compared the frequency of sequence variants in 94 individuals with early presbycusis to 50 unaffected controls and aimed to identify possible genetic contributors. Various potentially confounding factors are discussed. View details for Web of Science ID A1994PH77400001. View details for Web of Science ID A1994NA28800008, View details for Web of Science ID A1994BB86U00010. CF is one of the most extensively researched genetic diseases as a target for gene therapy development. Academic pgardner@stanford.edu Tel: (650) 387-9319 Fax: (650) 327-9755. @stanford: Currently teaching. Who Is Phyllis Gardner? Non-transformed, antigen-responsive CD4+ T cells cloned from healthy controls and CF patients homozygous or heterozygous for the delta F508 mutation transcribed CFTR mRNA and expressed immunoreactive cytoplasmic CFTR protein. Many of the critical T-cell signal transducing enzymes such as phospholipase C and protein kinase C contain intrinsic Ca-binding domains, but for the most part the rise in cytoplasmic Ca is transduced by specialized Ca-binding proteins that lack catalytic domains. A., Moran, M. L., Messner, A. H., DAIFUKU, R., Conrad, C. K., Reynolds, T., Guggino, W. B., Moss, R. B., Carter, B. J., Wine, J. J., Flotte, T. R., Gardner, P. Nuclear export of NF-ATc enhanced by glycogen synthase kinase-3. View details for Web of Science ID A1996VQ33800028, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2200601. Dong, Y. J., Chen, G., Duran, G. E., Kouyama, K., Chao, A. C., Sikic, B. I., Gollapudi, S. V., Gupta, S., Gardner, P. INTERLEUKIN-2 TRANSCRIPTIONAL BLOCK BY MULTIFUNCTIONAL CA2+/CALMODULIN KINASE. Photolytic release of caged 1-(alpha-glycerophosphoryl)-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate, an analog of InsP3 which activates InsP3 receptors but is not readily metabolized to InsP4, also activates the current.

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